History of the Library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of the Library - Essay Example Though the papyrus scrolls and clay tablets of Alexandria have been replaced by optical disks and flash cards, the library has remained at the center of academic endeavors. The modern school library media center remains critical to our need to have a central repository for knowledge that is available to everyone. When John Harvard gave his collection of books to the fledgling university, it was called a school library. Over the coming centuries the library would experience an evolution of the ways that information is stored and retrieved. During the 1920s, the National Education Association (NEA) enacted school library standards which paved the way for the storage of non-print media and libraries became known as instructional media centers (Wiegand, 2007, p.58) Today artifacts, digital media, and printed material of all types are networked together with the aid of massive databases. Digital electronics has made the storage and retrieval process faster, more compact, and less costly than ever before. Today the school library is more aptly known as the school library media center. Much of the evolution and restructuring of the school library media center has come as a result made by the demands to store and retrieve information in an environment of rapid technological change. After World War II film strips began to be added as they came to be viewed as items worthy of legitimate academic study. The invention of microfiche (a system of greatly reducing photo copies of documents) in 1961 started a major revolution in the media centers' long-term storage strategy (Raider, 2006). The 1969 Standards for School Media Programs published by the NEA united librarians and audio-visual specialists under the terminology of "library media program and library media specialist" (School libraries, 2008). The 1969 standards made recommendations regarding the new media of "8mm films, 16mm films, tapes and discs, slides, graphic materials, globes, maps, microforms, and transparencies (Mariea, 1998, p.182). The standards additionally defined storage space and environmental requi rements. The age of the Internet has added additional information available as digital media sources are catalogued in massive databases. The ability to digitize magazines, newspapers, books, and journals has made the information available at any school library media center almost unlimited. This has required another tier of media management as databases are responsible for cataloguing and maintaining archival issues of periodicals. Companies such as EBSCO, Thomson-Gale, and JSTOR store past issues of periodicals that are available as a subscription service. These databases, that can be accessed via the Internet, have made almost all recent periodicals, and many books, available to library patrons in digital format. Today's post-modern school library media center is a virtual library that makes vast amounts of information available almost anywhere in the world. The ability to store information in a compressed form has been accomplished by using a wide variety of media formats. Information can be stored on paper, film, plastic, and solid state electronics. This has presented the challenge of creating an environment

Human being Essay Example for Free

Human being Essay There has always been a concern as to why some people behave in some weird ways that not any ordinary person will act in such a manner. It is a fact that all individuals are different from each other but there are expectations that human beings have over others. That certain character trait should not be expected in a normal human being. A study into the issues of psychopath and sociopath will help to show some light to the question of how different persons can be described and classified in a view of understanding human behavior and human psychology. Who are psychopaths or sociopaths? According to Patrick (2007) a psychopath or a sociopath is an individual who displays unique unordinary behaviors as compared to the other normal human beings. Such an individual shows signs of not having any guilt or troubled conscience for something he or she has done which is wrong, likes putting blame on other people for the mistakes that he or she commits, likes lying all the time about several issues, do not value other people as fellow human beings, get involved in destructive actions fights and wars, some are sexually irresponsible, have low self control, not realistic in whatever they plan and do, and seem to attract the attention of others by portraying a false picture of themselves among other unordinary behaviors. What are the causes? As argued in Goldstein and Weiner (2003) there are some reasons that have been found out to result in the development of such character traits some of them include; in born traits that a person inherits from his or her family background, some could happen where the society in which people live in draws lines of behaviors that seem to be extra ordinary from the rest of others in the society, would come also as a result of the influences of the external environment and as a result of the adaptive strategies in a bid to survive in the world with others and the problems and experiences that a person underwent while growing will also contribute like if a person was exposed to violent circumstances in hi or her childhood the same things are likely to be done by that person. Is the female psychopath different from the male sociopath? How and in what way? Why is this important to understand? The way in which a female psychopath behaves tends to be more similar to that of their male counterparts although the ratio of male to female a bit higher. The kind of activities that they involve themselves in are the ones that will help to distinguish the differences but basically the same idea is that they all display behaviors that seem to be unruly, Berecz (1999). A female psychopath will show behaviors like; most of them would not want to get into a serious marriage commitment by staying with a husband but instead would prefer to stay alone with her children, would want to be draw the attention of the people around her, likely to mistreat her own children, she does not want to strive for anything that can help her but instead will want other people to do everything she is supposed to do for her benefit Million, Simonsen and Smith (2003). According to Gill and Barraclough (2007) such a female person is too proud of herself and could want to have all the things that others have to herself. In some cases will want to attempt suicide as a way to deal with her problems, all her life she will be blaming other people for the miseries she might be undergoing. She engages in criminal activities like conning people their belongings, leading people to crimes, are drug addicts of a high extent with their life styles leading to sex exploits and males and females they way she wishes for herself which in some instances could include killing. As discussed in Herve and Yuille (2007) the males will involve themselves in very many sexual relationships with women and will be able to convince women with a lot of ease to get into relationships with him. He tends to spend his money in a reckless way, like involving themselves in criminal activities like murder, violent robberies, once he marries he is likely to abandon his wife and children and being unfaithful to the other spouse. Involve themselves in ungodly acts like having sex with the animals, would like to cover his weaknesses with good acts like being generous with his wealth. They are also likely to drug addicts like alcohol, bhang among others. Conclusion According to the analysis that has been made above the way Female psychopaths behave is different from the way male sociopaths would behave because men are more energetic and will display the disorders that they have with relating with others by use of applying force in either fighting, car breaking , among other physical means of applying force. As for the females their disorders will be see through the various reacts that a female will undertake like her talking and other means of communication. They involve themselves in many sexual relationships and will get away with it from all the partners without admitting to that behavior among others Berecz (1999). Word count 876 References Alan Goldstein, Irving Weiner (2003). Forensic psychology: Forensic psychology. John Wiley and sons publishers. Christopher J. Patrick (2007). Handbook of Psychopathy. Guilford press. David Gill, Jennifer Barraclough (2007). Hughes’ outline of modern psychiatry. 5th edition, John Wiley and sons publishers. John M. Berecz (1999). Sexual styles: a psychologist’s guide to understanding our lover’s personality. Humanics publishing group H Herve, John C. Yuille (2007). The psychopath: theory, research and practice. Routledge publishers. Theodore Million, E. Simonsen, M. B smith (2003). Psychopapthy: Antisocial, criminal and violent behavior. Guilford press. .

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Phyu Han and Mu Han North Quincy High School March 24, 2014 The Republic of the Union of Myanmar was formerly known as Burma until 1989 when its military government changed its name to Myanmar (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). However, the United States government has not yet adopted the name (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The country of Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia bordering China to the north and northeast, Laos and Thailand to the east and southeast, Bangladesh and India to the west, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to the south (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar covers an area of around 421,600 square miles which is slightly smaller than the United States’ state of Texas (Myanmar., 2014). The population of the country consists of over 47.37 million people made up of about 135 ethnic groups (Myanmar., 2014). The official language of the Union of Myanmar is Burmese (Myanmar., 2014). Still, the various other minority ethnic groups speaks their own languages (Myanmar., 2014). Sin ce 1989, the capital of Myanmar was Yangon but was recently changed to Naypyidaw in 2005 (Myanmar., 2014). Throughout the 19th century, many Burmese minority ethnic city-states and kingdoms inhabited the country’s present borders (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In 1824, Great Britain conquered Myanmar into its Indian Empire (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar was considered and managed as a province of India until it became a self-governing colony in 1937 (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The country of Myanmar gained independence from the commonwealth of Great Britain in January 4 1948 (Myanmar., 2014). Myanmar’s independence was gained by General Aung San who is now known as the â€Å"Father of Burma† (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In 1962, General Ne Win took over the Burmese government as the first military ruler and self-appointed president beginning the country’s ruling by a military junta (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Until 2011, the military junta held absolute power in the country and began the policies of international isolation (Myanmar Profile., 2013). For over 49 years, Myanmar was a military dominated country full of human rights abuses (Myanmar., 2014). In the multiparty legislative elections of 1990, the National League for Democracy (NLD) ran as the main opposing party to the military junta (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). NLD won a landslide victory and the junta placed Aung San Suu Kyi, NLD leader and the daughter of General Aung San, under house arrest for over 15 years (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In 2007, the ruling junta brutally killing at least 13 people arrested thousands in response to protests over increased fuel prices led by Buddhist mon ks, (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Throughout the year of 2008, a series of bombings took place in the country. Many minority rebels and terrorists were blamed for the events (Myanmar Profile., 2013). In November 2010, Myanmar held its first general election in 20 years (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Yet, Constitutional votes and Parliamentary elections held under the junta rule were considered manipulated and flawed by many in the international community (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). After the election, Burmese Parliament met in January 2011 and elected a former prime minister of the previous military government, Thein Sein, as president (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Presently, the president of Myanmar is Thein Sein along with Vice President Nyan Tun (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Since the election, Thein Sein leading the Burmese government has initiated various political and economic reforms directed to the opening of the long-isolated country (Myan mar Profile., 2013). Thein Sein’s reforms consisted of permitting Aung San Suu Kyi to resume her political activities by allowing her to run in the parliamentary election in April 2012 (Myanmar Profile., 2013). As a result, she now currently serves as an elected Member of Parliament and chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). For 2014, Myanmar is the chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar’s Armed Forces consists of Army, Navy, and Air Force (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In February 2013, the military formed a new task force to deal with forced child recruitment, which reportedly continues (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In Addition, President Thein Sein has released the hundreds of political prisoners, passed laws protecting basic human rights, and gradually reduced restrictions on freedom of the press and expression (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Along with the restrictions on freedom of expression, Myanmar’s domestic media has been strictly controlled since 1962 (Myanmar Profile., 2013). The whole of the media has been censored, ranging from government dissent to most bad news such as reports of natural disasters (Myanmar Profile., 2013). In 2012, Thein Sein lifted pre-publication censorship for the press (Myanmar Profile., 2013). In June 2012, Myanmar declared a state of emergency in Rakhine State where at least 17 people were killed in religious violence between Buddhists and Muslims (Mullany, 2014). This incident began a series of attacks on Rohingya Muslims across the country to the present (Mullany, 2014). The United Nations reported in January 2014 that rampaging mobs in Rakhine had killed at least four dozen people, mostly Muslims (Mullany, 2014). In March 2014, Myanmar government was reported to have denied the Rohingya Muslims citizenship as well as persecuted them (Mullany, 2014). Following the government’s ban of Doctors without Borders (MSF), approximately 750,000 Rohingya Muslims have died in Myanmar as a result of being deprived of medical services (Myanmar., 2014). The Burmese government ordered halt to MSF’s work after some officials accused the group of favoring Rohingya Muslims over Rakhine Buddhists (Myanmar., 2014). Many now hope that along with these new reforms, the decades of international isolation could be coming to an end (Myanmar Profile., 2013). In December 2011, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Burma to meet both President Thein Sein and Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar Profile., 2013). This event was seen as a milestone in the countrys history and the country’s return to the world stage (Myanmar Profile., 2013). In 2013, President Obama met President Thein Sein in Washington D.C. offering development aid (Myanmar Profile., 2013). President Obama praised the political and economic progress, but criticized the violence against Rohingya Muslims (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Since the transition to a parliamentary government in 2011, Myanmar has begun an economic repair aimed at attracting foreign investment and reestablishing into the global economy (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). In April 2012, The European Union followed the United States’ lead and lifted all non-military sanctions as well as offered Myanmar more than $100 million in development aid (Myanmar Profile., 2013). With government’s commitment to reform and the following lifting of most Western sanctions, the Burmese economy accelerated in 2012 and 2013 (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The European Union, United States and Canada passed economic sanctions on Myanmar, and China (Myanmar Profile., 2013). The country’s abundant natural resources and young labor force have attracted foreign investment such as India and South Korea in many industries (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar is currently moving past its isolationist policies w ith China as its main ally (Myanmar Profile., 2013). The currency of Myanmar is known as Kyat (Myanmar Profile., 2013). 965.728 Kyat is equal to 1.00 USD (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Due to its under-developed economy and government corruptions, Myanmar is considered one of the poorest countries in Asia (Myanmar Profile., 2013). However, the country of Myanmar is full of valuable natural resources (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The natural resources are petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, and hydropower (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar is an agriculture based country with highly fertile soil growing rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, and sugarcane (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). This rural country is also known to be the worlds largest exporter of teak, jade, pearls, rubies and sapphires (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Myanmar’s other exports consist of oil, gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, an d clothing (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The country’s export partners are Thailand 40.7%, India 14.8%, China 14.3%, and Japan 7.4% (2012) (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar also import fabric, petroleum, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, cement, construction materials, and crude oil from China 36.9%, Thailand 20.2%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 8.7%, Japan 8.2%, Malaysia 4.6% (2012) (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). However, little of this wealth reaches the actual population (Myanmar Profile., 2013). Despite these improvements, living standards have not yet advanced for the majority of the people inhabiting the rural areas (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Myanmar remains one of the poorest countries in Asia with more than one-fourth of the country’s 47.37 million people living in poverty (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). The previous government’s isolationist policies and economic mismanagement have left Burma with poor economy and government corruption, which will take great efforts to mend (East Southeast Asia: Burma†, 2013). Works Cited East Southeast Asia : Burma. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 20  June 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Mullany, Gerry. Report on Unrest Is at Odds With Account of Myanmar. The New York Times. The New York Times, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Myanmar. News. The New York Times Company, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. Myanmar Profile. BBC News. BBC News, 16 July 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.

Comparing Frank Baum’s Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carroll’

Comparing Frank Baum’s Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carroll’s Alice of Alice in Wonderland Lewis Carroll’s Alice and Frank Baum’s Dorothy are two of the most well-known and well-loved heroines of all time. At first glance, both Alice and Dorothy appear to be rather accurate renditions of actual little girls who embark on their own adventures in strange and fantastical lands. However, closer scrutiny reveals that only one of these characters is a true portrayal of what a little girl is really like, while the other is but a fulfillment of what most girls would only dream of being like. Like many young girls across the world, both today and in centuries past, it seems that Alice was taught the etiquette that all proper young ladies should follow. Throughout the novel, we see Alice in conflict with certain societal rules – there are several occasions when she is frustrated with what others say and do to her. But only those privy to her innermost thoughts (i.e., the readers) are capable of seeing her true feelings on any matter, for she remains, with the exception of an episode at the end of the text, extremely courteous to all those she meets. One of the passages that clearly describes this general acquiescence is when Alice sees the Duchess after meeting the King and Queen on the croquet-ground: â€Å"Tut, tut, child!† said the Duchess. â€Å"Every thing’s got a moral, if only you can find it.† And she squeezed herself up closer to Alice’s side as she spoke. Alice did not much like her keeping so close to her: first, because the Duchess was very ugly; and secondly, because she was exactly the right height to rest her chin on Alice’s shoulder, and it was an uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not like to b... ...relate to a child’s need for escape from the educational system, even if only through a book.) While both Alice and Dorothy are meant to be portraits of typical young girls, I believe that they represent two different facets of a young girl’s nature. Carroll’s Alice undoubtedly portrays the true image of what real young girls are like, possessing some qualities that may not be considered extremely attractive but are nevertheless present in the lives of young women. On the other hand, Baum’s Dorothy is more fantastic, a heroine who encompasses all the qualities that any young girl would like to have but cannot always attain. Together, then, the two characters make up everything that a young girl is — the influences and restrictions that society places on her, the unspoken thoughts that she has when speaking to others, the dreams that she wishes to aspire to.

The Portrayal of War in On the Idle Hill and The Destruction of Sennach

The Portrayal of War in On the Idle Hill and The Destruction of Sennacherib The structure of these 2 poems are similar but comparisons can be made between "On the idle hill" and "The destruction of Sennacherib" Although the content is similar the title, tone, language, devices, structure and punctuation are very different. In the early 1800's when Byron wrote "The destruction of Sennacherib" a large war campaign was occurring; The Napoleonic Wars. The wars surrounding him would effect his view on war. In the late 1800's when Housman wrote "On the idle hill", no major battle was occurring. However, ironically within 20 years of this poem more "lads" were being sent to the slaughter in World War One. The titles of the two poems are very different. "On the idle hill" portrays a very passive image, whereas "Destruction of Sennacherib" is very active. Byron's poem is a stereotype of war. The title shows action and it brings a sense of all encompassing. Whereas "On the idle hill" shows laziness as "idle" personifies the hill making the start of the poem peaceful and natural. This image contradicts war, which is very ironic. The two poems by Byron and Housman portray war. "On the idle hill" is a very natural affair. "The Destruction of Sennacherib" is a very violent and graphic event. Both of the poems show the beginning and the end of the battle and misses out the actual war. This firstly leaves the battle to the readers imagination so it can be interpreted differently, and secondly it makes the reader concentrate of the consequences. Although Byron's poem doesn't show the battle it has a brutal and horrific image of the aftermath, "the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf." This makes the battle s... ...ay. "On the Idle hill" finishes with two war instruments calling back from the battle. This may be reflecting back to the initial dreamy state. When it says, 'woman bore me, I will rise' it can be read in many different ways. It can be read into as a warning that war may rise again because it is inevitable. Or it can alternatively be read as there being a female influence in nature that will rise up. Altogether it is a positive ending that shows Humanity versus evil. "The Destruction of Sennacherib" has a very religious ending. It ends with the all the soldiers dead. God killed the Assyrians because they killed the holy people. There is a strong reference to nature that may be a reference to God, 'Hath melted like snow'. Both of the poems are ended extremely differently, "On the idle hill" is optimistic and "Destruction of Sennacherib" is pessimistic.

Discrimination in America Essay -- Racial Discrimination

According to research that has been conducted by The Indiana Civil Right Commission (2012) between October 2010 and October 2011, 58% of participants experienced some sort of discrimination. Discrimination can be defined as treating people differently, negatively or adversely without having a good reason. It is an act making distinction in favor of or against a person based on their group, class or category. There are four major types of discrimination which are gender discrimination, racial and ethnic discrimination, age discrimination and disability discrimination. The first type of discrimination is gender discrimination. Gender discrimination involves treating someone unfavourably because of the person’s particular gender. There are three categories of gender which are female, male and transgender. A bad practice of discriminating against female can be seen in most developing countries. In almost all parts of the world, men are more likely to have a paid job. Whereas, women are less likely to be out in the public than men, and when they are, have fewer resources to earn incomes Connell (2009). Female constructed to do another form of work namely unpaid domestic and care work. For instance, women do most of the cleaning, cooking and other household chores. On the other hand, male often face discrimination because of their gender appearance. Male looks stronger, tougher and masculine which make community thought that some work field is not suitable for their gender and may result unfair in employment opportunities. Such as, nursing schools often rejects male applicants because of their masculine appearance which not posses gentle attitudes like women do since nursing schools prefer patience and caring employees. Meanwhi... ...Short Introductions Series. Cambridge: Polity. Department of Fair Employment and Housing. (n.d) Employment discrimination and Harassment. Retrieved from http://www.dfeh.ca.gov/res/docs/Publications/DFEH-184.pdf Disability Discrimination Act. (1995). Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account in Determining Question Relating to The Definition of Disability. Retrieved from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/guidance_on_matters_to_be_taken_into_account_in_determining_questions_relating_to_the_definition_of_disability.pdf Indiana Civil Rights Commission. (9 March, 2012). In Indiana Governor. Retrieved from http://www.in.gov/icrc/files/Discrimination_Indiana_Results_Survey_Feb2012.pdf National Association of School Psychologists.(2010). In Position Statement. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/about_nasp/positionpapers/RacismPrejudice.pdf

Educating Indian Peasants Essay

India is one country that is endowed with a rich culture that not only influences individuals but also social groupings and structures. Religion is one cultural aspect that is very influential and this paper seeks to shed light on its role in education as well as the forms of educational systems in India. The two basics forms of education are traditional education and elementary education. Traditional education can be defined as the passing of knowledge from a guru or spiritual leader to a student. The transmission of knowledge here is oral such that writing materials are not present. The venue in which this is done is known as a gurukul, which was usually the residential place of the leader or sage, and among the subjects taught were religion, Philosophy and mathematics. (Pomelil). This form of education was only accessible to certain castes that were higher that others. These castes were religious in nature where there also existed the untouchables who were mostly poor and oppressed by those of the higher castes. Traditional education was usually free but it is said that rich families gave tokens of appreciation to the gurus on completion of the studies. Discrimination and segregation are some of the characteristics that can be pegged on this education system. Religion comes in where it consoles those in the lower castes that after their death thy will re-incarnate to one of the high castes. Krishna, an Indian god is said to have reincarnated and gone through traditional education in his childhood. Robert,2003). Elementary education on the other is all inclusive and is carried out in schools. Castes do not have any importance because every one is given an equal opportunity to learn. In India those in lower castes were known as dalits and they were the main source of labor to those in higher castes. Elementary education was introduced so as to promote equal accessibility as well as universality to for everyone. Without elementary education the Indian peasants will only be revolving around the vicious cycle of poverty because of lack of empowerment that would enable them improve the standards of their own living. According to Robert, 2003, dalits were viewed and made to believe that they were not better than those in the higher castes but studies show that when dalits got into a competition with higher caste members, dalits only performed badly when their status was made obvious before the competition, while they even did better or scored same points when their social affiliation was not mentioned. Schools are available to all because they are not usually very far apart. Elementary education is the only way to empowering Indian peasants or Dalits because the World is rapidly changing and individuals are now rewarded by merit. Ascribed status is losing its popularity to a status that has been worked for or earned.